[*** \mathrm{bar}^1] |bär|

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1. a long rod or rigid piece of wood, metal, or similar material, typically used as an obstruction, fastening, or weapon:

(窓などの)桟, (戸締まり用の)かんぬき, 横木, 桟; (フットボールなどのゴールの)横棒(crossbar); バー〘ダンス練習用の手すり〙

e.g. an iron bar

e.g. bars on the windows.

an amount of food or another substance formed into a regular narrow block:

(平面で囲まれた)固形物

e.g. a bar of chocolate

e.g. gold bars.

a band of color or light, especially on a flat surface:

(色･光などの)しま, 線条

e.g. bars of sunlight shafting through the broken windows.

a sandbank or shoal at the mouth of a harbor, bay, or estuary:

砂州(sandbar), (航行を妨げる河口の)州.

e.g. the bar to the estuary of the River Eske.

Heraldry a charge in the form of a narrow horizontal stripe across the shield.

2. a counter across which alcoholic drinks or refreshments are served:

(酒場の)バーカウンター

e.g. standing at the bar.

a room in a restaurant or hotel in which alcohol is served:

｟英｠ パブの中にある部屋

e.g. the oak-paneled bar of the Lion

e.g. as modifier : bar stools.

an establishment where alcohol and sometimes other refreshments are served:

｟主に米｠ 酒場, バー

e.g. a small friendly bar open all day.

with modifier a small store or booth serving refreshments or providing a service:

(食べ物などの)売り場, カウンター

e.g. a dairy bar.

3. a barrier or restriction to an action or advance:

｟書｠ «…(すること)の» じゃま物, 障害 «to (doing)»

e.g. political differences are not necessarily a bar to a good relationship.

Law a plea arresting an action or claim in a law case.

4. Music a measure of music or the time of a piece of music:

〘楽〙 (楽譜の)縦線; (縦線で仕切られた)小節.

e.g. the opening bars of the first hymn.

5. (the bar) a partition in a courtroom or legislative assembly, now usually notional, beyond which most people may not pass and, in court, at which an accused person stands:

(法廷内の)手すり, さく; 被告席; 法廷

e.g. the prisoner at the bar.

British a rail marking the end of each chamber in the Houses of Parliament:

e.g. he had to appear at the Bar of the House for a reprimand by the Speaker.

6. (the Bar) the legal profession:

〖the B-; 単数形で〗弁護士業; 法曹界

e.g. his dismissal from the Singapore Bar.

British barristers collectively.

｟英｠ 法廷弁護士(団)(barrister)

North American lawyers collectively.

｟米｠ 弁護士(lawyer)

a particular court of law.

verb (bars, barring, barred) with object

1. fasten (something, especially a door or window) with a bar or bars:

〈ドアなど〉に横木をわたす, かんぬきをかける(up)

e.g. she bolts and bars the door.

2. prevent or prohibit (someone) from doing something or from going somewhere:

〈道など〉をふさぐ, …の通行を妨げる(obstruct)

e.g. journalists had been barred from covering the elections

e.g. boulders barred her passage.

forbid (an activity) to someone:

〖～ A from B/doing〗 A〈人〉がB［…すること］を禁止する; A〈人〉がBに立ち入る［参加する］ことを禁止する (!しばしば受け身で)

e.g. the job she loved had been barred to her.

exclude (something) from consideration:

e.g. nothing is barred in the crime novel.

Law prevent or delay (an action) by objection.

3. mark (something) with bars or stripes:

…にすじしま模様を付ける.

e.g. his face was barred with light.

preposition mainly British

except for; apart from:

｟かたく｠ …を除いては(except)

e.g. everyone, bar a few ascetics, thinks it desirable.

with no exceptions:

e.g. the greatest living American poet bar none.

be called to the Bar (also go to the Bar)

British be admitted as a barrister.

British be appointed a Queen's Counsel.

in prison:

e.g. he had already spent four months behind bars on remand.

lower the standards which need to be met in order to qualify for something:

e.g. they have drastically lowered the bar for anyone who wants to call themselves a musician.

raise the bar (also lift the bar)

or raise the standards which need to be met in order to qualify for something:

e.g. the restaurant raised the bar for contemporary Scottish cuisine in the capital.

fix the standards which need to be met in order to qualify for something:

e.g. the school sets the bar high and the students rise to meet it.

Middle English: from Old French barre (noun), barrer (verb), of unknown origin.

[*** \mathrm{bar}^2] |bär|

a unit of pressure equivalent to 100,000 newtons per square meter or approximately one atmosphere.

〘物理〙 バール〘圧力の単位〙

early 20th century: from Greek baros ‘weight’.