source: By User:SilverStar - Own work, CC BY 2.5

an amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply over demand:

余剰, 余分, 過剰(分)

e.g. exports of food surpluses.

an excess of income or assets over expenditure or liabilities in a given period, typically a fiscal year:

〘経〙 余剰金, 黒字, 超過金(↔ deficit)

e.g. a trade surplus of $1.4 billion.

the excess value of a company's assets over the face value of its stock.

more than what is needed or used; excess:

余分な, 余剰の

e.g. make the most of your surplus cash.

denoting a store selling excess or out-of-date military equipment or clothing:

e.g. she had picked up her boots in an army surplus store.

late Middle English: from Old French sourplus, from medieval Latin superplus, from super- ‘in addition’ + plus ‘more’.