defeasible reasoning – Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid

Falsifiability – Property of a theory/hypothesis/statement that can be logically contradicted by an empirical test

Hanlon's razor – Adage to assume stupidity over malice

Hitchens's razor – Epistemological razor

logical positivism – Movement in Western philosophy – a similar epistemological reductionist standard

McNamara fallacy – Erroneous reasoning based on numeric metrics