Black swan theory – Theory of response to surprise events

Contingency (philosophy) – Status of propositions that are neither always true nor always false

defeasible reasoning – Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid

Deniable encryption – Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists - claim that a ciphertext decrypts to a particular plaintext can be falsified by possible decryption to another potential plaintext

Fallibilism – Philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world

Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon

Mike Alder - Newton's Flaming Laser Sword

Occam's razor – Philosophical principle of selecting the solution with the fewest assumptions

Philosophy of mathematics – Branch of philosophy on the nature of mathematics

plausible deniability – Aspect of governance and communication

Raven paradox – A paradox arising from the question of what constitutes evidence for a statement

Russell's teapot – Analogy coined by Bertrand Russell

Scientific method – Interplay between observation, experiment and theory in science

Experimentum crucis – Critical experiment

Statistical hypothesis testing – Method of statistical inference

Tautology (logic) – Logical formula which is true in every possible interpretation

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